not because of the righteous activities of human merit (v. 5; cf. Rom. and Gal. where law-keeping is discounted), but because of His grace, mercy, and love (1 Tim. 1:12–16; Titus 3:5). Lea has rightly captured this truth when he affirmed, “Salvation depends solely and completely on God’s grace, displayed in ‘his mercy,’ revealed and achieved by his Son, Jesus Christ, and applied to humankind by the Holy Spirit.”61 This is the only passage in the Pastorals where all three members of the Trinity